There has been increasing evidence that many chemicals can interfere with human and animal endocrine hormone systems. The endocrine system controls some of the fundamental cellular processes as well as reproductive functions. Such so-called endocrine disrupters are formed by the metabolism in the body of various synthetic chemicals.

For instance, even a minute dose of dioxin given to pregnant rats can have a profound effect on the sexual characteristics and later development of the foetus. Similar effects have been observed with other chemicals and other animals. It has been suggested that chemical exposure may account for changes observed in reproductive behaviour and the decline of some wild populations. Some predatory fish and birds, for instance have been found to have decreasing reproductive success and shrinking populations.

Disruption of the endocrine system can also interfere with the nervous system, and can damage the immune system and the mechanism by which DNA is repaired. It has been linked to the increase in human breast and testicular cancer and to the decrease in average human sperm count, which has been observed in all so-called developed countries.     While the emphasis in the past has been on direct toxicity, endocrine disruption potential is being increasingly investigated in order to assess harm from chemicals. Many chemicals are known to act as endocrine disrupters, including organochlorines like PCBs and DDT, as well as some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols. Most of these can cross the placental barrier from mother to foetus. Some of these chemicals are of such general use that hardly anyone can escape their influence. Examples are formaldehyde used in timber products and fabrics, and pesticides and other crop treatments which affect both the grower and the consumer.

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